Overview
The Komatsuzuka Tomb Murals are a representative example of ancient colored murals discovered inside the stone chamber of the Komatsuzuka Tomb in Asuka Village, Nara Prefecture. They were first unearthed during an archaeological survey conducted in 1972 by the Kansai University Asuka Village Academic Research Group, led by Zenkyō Amane. Due to their immense historical significance and artistic quality, they were designated a National Treasure (National kokuhō) for painting just two years after their discovery, in 1974.
Historical Background
The Komatsuzuka Tomb is a circular burial mound constructed between the late 7th century and early 8th century (late Asuka Period to early Nara Period). Theories regarding its occupants include that they were imperial princes of Emperor Tenmu (such as Ninnami, Chōkō, or Yuge Imperial Princes), high-ranking officials (like Ishikami Aro), or immigrants from the Korean Peninsula and continental Asia. The existence of these murals is an extremely important historical record, proving that Japan during this era maintained close cultural exchange with East Asian nations like China (Tang Dynasty) and the Korean Peninsula (Goguryeo).
Features and Appeal
The greatest appeal lies in the vivid colors—which have remained undiminished after over 1,300 years—and the sophisticated lines. They are regarded as a masterpiece symbolizing ancient Japanese art, embodying the pinnacle of painting techniques from that era.
- Figurative Groups: The East and West walls each depict groups of four figures: male and female. The women on the West wall are particularly famous and known as “Asuka Beauties.” Their brightly colored garments reflect Tang Dynasty fashion, providing valuable insight into court life and customs of the time.
- The Four Guardians (Shishinzu): Three sacred animals governing the cardinal directions—the Blue Dragon (East), White Tiger (West), and Black Tortoise (North)—are depicted, conveying ancient Japanese cosmology and religious beliefs. The Suzaku (Vermillion Bird) for the South is believed to have been destroyed during looting in the Kamakura Period and does not currently exist.
- Star Map: The ceiling features a precise star map rendered with gold leaf stars connected by red lines, representing a cosmic order based on ancient Chinese astronomy.
- Conservation Efforts: Following their discovery, the murals faced deterioration from mold. In 2007, the stone chamber was dismantled to address this issue. Today, comprehensive preservation and restoration are carried out at the “National Treasure Komatsuzuka Tomb Mural Repair Facility” using scientific methods, ensuring the continuity of this heritage for future generations.
Source: Excerpted from the National Designated Cultural Properties Database (https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/bsys/index)