Overview
These are wooden standing statues of the Four Heavenly Kings (shiten-nō), created during the early Heian Period and housed in the Tō-kindō Hall at Kōfuku-ji Temple in Nara Prefecture. The statues depict the Four Heavenly Kings, who serve as powerful protective deities of Buddhism. They are designated a National Treasure for representing one of the finest examples of sculpture from the early Heian Period (Jōgan style).
Historical Background
The Tō-kindō Hall, where these statues are housed, was originally built in 726 CE by Emperor Shōmu, who prayed for the recovery of Empress Genshō. The Four Heavenly Kings statues themselves are estimated to have been created during the early Heian Period (9th century). It is believed that the original statues were lost due to fire or other disasters, and this current set was re-erected in the early Heian period. The sculpture utilizes ichiboku-zukuri (single-block construction), a dominant technique for wooden sculpture at the time. Their powerful and voluminous forms strongly reflect the dynamic sculptural style characteristic of the early Heian Period.
Features and Appeal
The greatest appeal of these statues lies in their profound solidity, combined with a dynamism that suggests movement.
- Powerful Single-Block Construction: Carved from Hinoki cypress wood using single-block construction, they feature robust physiques, deep carving, and voluminous musculature.
- Sharp Gaze and Expression: Each statue bears a stern expression filled with the authority of protective deities. They are depicted as warding off Buddhist enemies and safeguarding the Dharma.
- Depiction of Evil Spirits: The jaki (evil spirits) trampled at their feet are also carved with rich expressions. This detail not only enhances the power of the guardians but also demonstrates the high level of sculptural skill of the era.
- Guardians of Tō-kindō: They are arranged around the main image, a statue of Yakushi Nyorai (created in the Muromachi Period). Over more than 1,000 years, they continue to protect this sacred space.
Source: Excerpted from the National Designated Cultural Properties Database (https://kunishitei.bunka.go.jp/bsys/index)